As the wireless industry grabs a bigger chunk of the television dial, the remaining free over-the-air stations are going to be on the move starting next year. More than 900 American television stations will get new channel numbers after the move is complete, all to squeeze signals into the unchanged VHF and diminished UHF dial.

The folks at Rabbit Ears have a handy tool that will guide you through the changes, and they are enormous. Just use the drop-down box next to “Market” and find your city. Here at Stop the Cap! HQ, all but two stations in Rochester, N.Y., are getting new channel positions:

TV station reassignments as a result of the channel repack for Rochester, NY. The first two columns show the new vs. current actual channel number.

Most viewers won’t notice a big difference because the FCC is allowing stations to continue to market themselves with a virtual channel number than usually dates back to before the migration to digital TV broadcasting. But the channel changes can still be important for viewers using an antenna, especially if your local station(s) migrate into the VHF or UHF bands where they might not have been before. Two different antennas are sometimes required to get good reception from both bands. The traditional “rabbit ears” indoor telescoping antenna is usually designed for VHF reception, while small loop antennas work better for UHF. Various other antenna configurations can work for both bands, some better than others. Outdoor aerials can be designed to receive VHF, UHF or both. You may need an antenna upgrade if your antenna isn’t designed to receive the station(s) you want to see after they move.

T-Mobile’s 600MHz coverage map — assuming it builds out its full spectrum purchase.

One of the most consequential and visible spectrum auctions ever is over, and it will have a significant impact on broadcasters, wireless carriers, and the future competitive landscape of the wireless industry.

The world’s first “incentive auction” paid television stations to voluntarily vacate or move their assigned channels to make room for the wireless industry’s desire for more spectrum to power wireless data services. Up for bid was 70MHz of spectrum currently used by UHF television stations. A total of 50 winning wireless bidders collectively agreed to pay $19.8 billion to acquire that space. The biggest winner was T-Mobile USA, which is paying almost half the amount of total proceeds to acquire 45% of the spectrum available in the current auction. T-Mobile managed to acquire enough spectrum to cover 100% of the United States and Puerto Rico with an average of 31MHz of available spectrum nationwide, quadrupling its current inventory of important “low-band” spectrum, which is excellent for covering rural areas and inside buildings.

Consumers are likely to benefit as early as later this year when T-Mobile begins lighting up cellular service utilizing the newly available spectrum. Unfortunately, customers will have to buy new devices compatible with the new bands of frequencies.

Having the spectrum alone is not enough to beef up T-Mobile’s network. The company will have to invest in a large number of new cell sites, particularly in outlying areas, to eventually rival the coverage of AT&T and Verizon Wireless. But with an ample supply of 600MHz spectrum, T-Mobile could soon challenge AT&T and Verizon Wireless’ perceived network and coverage superiority. After this auction, AT&T continues to hold the largest portfolio of <1GHz spectrum — 70.5MHz. Verizon is second with 46.2MHz and T-Mobile has moved up in its third place position with 41.1MHz.

Although the FCC claims the current auction was among the highest grossing ever conducted by the FCC, industry observers claim companies got the new frequencies at a bargain price. A 2015 spectrum auction attracted $44.9 billion in bids, more than double the amount bid this year. The average price wireless companies paid per megahertz per person this year was just shy of 90¢, compared with $2.72 in 2015.

Where bargains are to be had, Charles Ergen and his Dish Network satellite company are sure to follow.

Few companies have as much unused wireless spectrum in their portfolio as Dish. Ergen loves to bid in auctions and has also picked up excess spectrum available on the cheap from other satellite companies that have since gone dark or bankrupt. Dish spent $6.2 billion on spectrum during the latest auction, puzzling investors who drove Dish’s share price down wondering what the company intends to do with the frequencies.

Investors were hoping Dish would eventually sell its spectrum portfolio at a profit, something that could still happen if other wireless carriers see a deal to be made. But some Wall Street analysts fear Dish might actually build a large wireless network of its own to offer wireless broadband service. Wall Street dislikes big spending projects and the competition it could bring to the marketplace, potentially driving down prices.

The other possibility is that Dish is making itself look more attractive to a possible buyer like Verizon, which could acquire the satellite company to win cheaper cable programming prices for its FiOS TV and an attractive amount of wireless spectrum for Verizon Wireless. The nation’s biggest wireless carrier notably did not participate in this spectrum auction.

Another unusual bidder was Comcast. Craig Moffett from Wall Street firm MoffettNathanson called Comcast’s $1.7 billion bid “half-hearted” and said it was unlikely to be enough spectrum for the company to begin offering its own wireless service. Comcast plans to rely on Verizon Wireless to power its wireless service, at least initially.

Comcast targeted its bids only in cities where it already provides cable service, which also nixes the theory Comcast and Charter might have been working together to form a cellular joint venture. Moffett expected Comcast would seek at least 20MHz of spectrum across most of the country. It ended up with 10MHz and only in select cities. Moffett thinks that may signal Comcast’s interest in buying an existing wireless carrier is still on the table.

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An unprecedented 175 free over-the-air television signals will sign off on their current channels for good in return for an average of tens of millions in compensation paid by Comcast, Dish Networks, and various wireless companies that want their frequencies to bolster their mobile networks.

The UHF dial compression comes courtesy of the latest FCC spectrum auction, which allowed bidders to entice over-the-air television stations to give up their frequencies to make room for wireless companies trying to bolster their 4G LTE networks. At least 957 stations across the country will have to move to new channels as the FCC compresses the TV dial to make room for wireless providers.

Virtually all the affected stations won’t disappear from free over-the-air TV for good, however. Of the 175 stations, 133 plan to make a deal with another local station to relaunch as a secondary digital channel, 29 will move from a UHF channel to a new VHF channel (2-13), and one channel will move from a high VHF channel to a low numbered one.

The move was very profitable to some major market stations, where the TV dial is already crowded with signals. WWTO-TV, a TBN affiliate airing Christian TV programming in LaSalle/Chicago, Ill. won the highest amount of any station in the country to put its transmitter off the air – $304 million. The biggest non-commercial auction winner was New Jersey’s Public Broadcasting Authority, which won $194 million to switch off WNJN in Montclair, N.Y.

The winners are 50 wireless bidders who want the frequencies to improve their wireless networks by increasing the amount of spectrum they can use in the coveted 600MHz band. Signals at these frequencies do a better job penetrating buildings and around natural obstacles and terrain. The result will be improved coverage and signal quality, with fewer dropped calls.

“The conclusion of the world’s first incentive auction is a major milestone in the FCC’s long history as steward of the nation’s airwaves,” said FCC chairman Ajit Pai. “Consumers are the real beneficiaries, as broadcasters invest new resources in programming and service, and additional wireless spectrum opens the way to greater competition and innovation in the mobile broadband marketplace.”

Stations can begin vacating their frequencies this year. Among the 957 stations that have to change channel numbers, the first of a series of channel changes will begin on Nov. 30, 2018. The last changes should take place just over three years from now.

Are you affected? Here is the list of channels going off the air or relocating to a different band:

Albany-Schenectady-Troy, N.Y.

• WCDC-TV UHF Going off the air

Augusta, Ga.

• WAGT-TV UHF Going off the air

Baltimore, Md.

• WUTB-TV UHF Going off the air

Boston, Mass.

• WBIN-TV UHF Going off the air
• WDPX-TV UHF Going off the air
• WFXZ-CD UHF Going off the air
• WGBH-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel
• WLVI-TV UHF Going off the air
• WMFP-TV UHF Going off the air
• WYCN-CD UHF Going off the air
• WYDN-TV UHF Going off the air

Buffalo, N.Y.

• WIVB-TV UHF Going off the air
• WNYB-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel
• WVTT-CD UHF Moving to High VHF Channel

Burlington, Vt.-Plattsburgh, N.Y.

• WNNE-TV UHF Going off the air
• WVTA-TV UHF Going off the air

Charleston-Huntington, W.V.

• WPBO-TV UHF Going off the air
• WTSF-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel

Charlotte, N.C.

• WLNN-CD UHF Going off the air
• WMYT-TV UHF Going off the air
• WTBL-CD UHF Going off the air

Charlottesville, Va.

• WVIR-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel

Chattanooga, Tenn.

• WNGH-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel
• WTNB-CD UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel

Chicago, Ill.

• WOCH-CD UHF Going off the air
• WPWR-TV UHF Going off the air
• WSNS-TV UHF Going off the air
• WWTO-TV High VHF Channel Going off the air
• WXFT-TV UHF Going off the air
• WYCC-TV UHF Going off the air

Cincinnati, Oh.

• WOTH-CD UHF Going off the air

Cleveland-Akron, Oh.

• WAOH-CD UHF Going off the air
• WDLI-TV UHF Going off the air
• WGGN-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel
• WRLM-TV UHF Going off the air
• WUAB-TV UHF Going off the air

Columbus, Ga.

• WJSP-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel

Columbus, Oh.

• WOUC-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel
• WSFJ-TV UHF Going off the air

Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.

• KATA-CD UHF Going off the air

Dayton, Oh.

• WBDT-TV UHF Going off the air
• WKOI-TV UHF Going off the air

Flint-Saginaw-Bay City, Mich.

• WCMZ-TV UHF Going off the air

Greensboro-High Point-Winston, N.C.

• WCWG-TV UHF Going off the air
• WLXI-TV UHF Going off the air

Greenville-New Bern-Washington, N.C.

• WFXI-TV High VHF Channel Going off the air

Greenville-Spartanburg, S.C.

• WGGS-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel
• WRET-TV UHF Going off the air
• WYCW-TV UHF Going off the air

Harrisburg-Lancaster-Lebanon-York, Pa.

• WGCB-TV UHF Going off the air
• WLYH-TV UHF Going off the air
• WPMT-TV UHF Going off the air

Harrisonburg, Va.

• WAZH-CD UHF Going off the air
• WVPY-TV UHF Going off the air

Hartford-New Haven, Conn.

• WCTX-TV UHF Going off the air
• WEDY-TV UHF Going off the air
• WRDM-CD UHF Going off the air
• WUVN-TV UHF Going off the air

Huntsville-Decatur-Florence, Ala.

• WHDF-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel

Indianapolis, Ind.

• WCLJ-TV UHF Going off the air
• WHMB-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel
• WNDY-TV UHF Going off the air

Johnstown-Altoona, Pa.

• WKBS-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel

Knoxville, Tenn.

• WAGV-TV UHF Going off the air

Lansing, Mich.

• WHTV-TV UHF Going off the air
• WLNS-TV UHF Going off the air

Lima, Oh.

• WTLW-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel

Los Angeles, Calif.

• KAZA-TV UHF Going off the air
• KBEH-TV UHF Going off the air
• KDOC-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel
• KILM-TV UHF Going off the air
• KJLA-TV UHF Going off the air
• KLCS-TV UHF Going off the air
• KNET-CD UHF Going off the air
• KOCE-TV UHF Going off the air
• KRCA-TV UHF Going off the air
• KSFV-CD UHF Going off the air
• KVCR-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel
• KWHY-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel

Louisville, Ky.

• WBKI-TV UHF Going off the air
• WWJS-CD UHF Going off the air

Madison, Wisc.

• WISC-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel

Memphis, Tenn.

• WWTW-TV UHF Going off the air

Miami-Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.

• WDLP-CD UHF Going off the air
• WIMP-CD UHF Going off the air
• WLPH-CD UHF Going off the air

Milwaukee, Wisc.

• WCGV-TV UHF Going off the air
• WMLW-TV UHF Going off the air
• WMVT-TV UHF Going off the air
• WVCY-TV UHF Going off the air

Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.

• KCCO-TV High VHF Channel Going off the air

Monterey-Salinas, Calif.

• KSMS-TV UHF Going off the air

Myrtle Beach-Florence, S.C.

• WGSI-CD High VHF Channel Going off the air

New York, N.Y.

• WEBR-CD UHF Going off the air
• WMBQ-CD UHF Going off the air
• WMUN-CD UHF Going off the air
• WNBC-TV UHF Going off the air
• WNJN-TV UHF Going off the air
• WNYJ-TV UHF Going off the air
• WRNN-TV UHF Going off the air
• WTBY-TV UHF Going off the air
• WXTV-TV UHF Going off the air
• WZME-TV UHF Going off the air

Orlando-Daytona Beach-Melbourne, Fla.

• WACX-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel
• WTGL-TV UHF Going off the air

Philadelphia, Pa.

• WFMZ-TV UHF Going off the air
• WGTW-TV UHF Going off the air
• WLVT-TV UHF Going off the air
• WMCN-TV UHF Going off the air
• WNJT-TV UHF Going off the air
• WTSD-CD UHF Going off the air
• WTVE-TV UHF Going off the air
• WUVP-TV UHF Going off the air
• WWSI-TV UHF Going off the air
• WYBE-TV UHF Going off the air

Pittsburgh, Pa.

• WBOA-CD UHF Going off the air
• WEMW-CD UHF Going off the air
• WEPA-CD UHF Going off the air
• WNNB-CD UHF Going off the air
• WPCP-CD UHF Going off the air
• WQED-TV High VHF Moving to Low VHF Channel
• WQVC-CD UHF Going off the air
• WVTX-CD UHF Going off the air

Providence, R.I.-New Bedford, Mass.

• WLWC-TV UHF Going off the air
• WRIW-CD UHF Going off the air
• WSBE-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel

Puerto Rico

• WDWL-TV UHF Going off the air
• WELU-TV UHF Going off the air
• WIRS-TV UHF Going off the air
• WKPV-TV UHF Going off the air
• WMEI-TV UHF Going off the air
• WSJU-TV UHF Going off the air
• WTCV-TV UHF Going off the air

Raleigh-Durham, N.C.

• WFPX-TV UHF Going off the air
• WHFL-CD UHF Moving to High VHF Channel
• WNCN-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel
• WRAY-TV UHF Going off the air
• WZGS-CD UHF Going off the air

Richmond-Petersburg, Va.

• WUPV-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel

Roanoke-Lynchburg, Va.

• WFFP-TV UHF Going off the air

Rockford, Ill.

• WIFR-TV UHF Going off the air

San Diego, Calif.

• K35DG-TV UHF Going off the air
• KSEX-CD UHF Going off the air

San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, Calif.

• KEMO-TV UHF Going off the air
• KEXT-CD UHF Going off the air
• KMPT-TV UHF Going off the air
• KOFY-TV UHF Going off the air
• KQEH-TV UHF Going off the air
• KRCB-TV UHF Moving to Low VHF Channel
• KRON-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel
• KTLN-TV UHF Going off the air
• KTNC-TV UHF Going off the air
• KTSF-TV UHF Going off the air

Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-San Caballero, Calif.

• KMMA-CD UHF Going off the air

Springfield, Mo.

• KSPR-TV UHF Going off the air

Springfield-Holyoke, Mass.

• WGBY-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel

Syracuse, N.Y.

• WNYI-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel

Tampa-St. Petersburg-Sarasota, Fla.

• WUSF-TV UHF Going off the air
• WTTA-TV UHF Going off the air

Tri-Cities, Tenn.

• WAPG-CD UHF Going off the air
• WMSY-TV UHF Going off the air
• WSBN-TV UHF Going off the air

Tyler-Longview, Tex.

• KCEB-TV UHF Going off the air

Washington, D.C.

• WAZF-CD UHF Going off the air
• WDCA-TV UHF Going off the air
• WDCW-TV UHF Going off the air
• WJAL-TV UHF Going off the air
• WMDO-CD UHF Going off the air
• WNVC-TV UHF Going off the air
• WNVT-TV UHF Going off the air
• WZDC-CD UHF Going off the air

West Palm Beach-Ft. Pierce, Fla.

• WFGC-TV UHF Moving to High VHF Channel
• WXEL-TV UHF Going off the air

Wilkes Barre-Scranton, Pa.

• WKBN-TV UHF Going off the air
• WVIA-TV UHF Going off the air

D.C.’s perpetually revolving door for regulators and lobbyists keeps on spinning.

FCC chairman Ajit Pai today announced he will appoint Charter Communications’ former general counsel as the next head of the FCC’s Consumer and Government Affairs Bureau.

Patrick Webre has taken several trips through D.C.’s revolving door over the last seven years, serving 11 months as an associate chief of that same bureau under former FCC chairman Julius Genachowski. Starting in November 2010, Webre took a position as senior director and senior counsel at Charter Communications. Starting in 2012, Webre was hired by Huron Consulting Group and later as a staff attorney at corporate D.C. law firm Jenner & Block.

Jenner & Block’s profile notes while working for Charter, Webre “was their primary advocate to commissioners and staff at the FCC, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Justice, and Members of Congress and their staff.” In short, he was effectively Charter’s lobbyist.

Jenner & Block claims it achieves “excellent results for our clients,” which have included Comcast, AT&T, and Verizon, among others.

“Our lawyers combine broad experience with inside perspective into the inner workings of the FCC, the Department of Justice and other regulatory agencies across the country,” the firm’s website notes. “Our practice includes a former FCC general counsel and senior FCC policy advisor, a former senior counsel to the chairman for Transactions, numerous Supreme Court and Court of Appeals clerks and nationally recognized lawyers who have extensive experience handling cutting-edge telecommunications and media law issues. […] Together, we have tackled numerous important issues before the FCC and the courts, including net neutrality, media ownership, online video and content restrictions on video programming and video games.”

Webre

Jenner & Block does not represent you — the average American consumer. It represents big-pocketed telecom companies interested in getting their corporate agendas through the regulatory and legislative workings of Washington. In its message to clients, the law firm touts its achievements:

AGENCY PROCEEDINGS AND ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

Jenner & Block represents telecommunications and media clients at the FCC, the Department of Justice and other regulatory agencies across the country.  We have developed particular expertise in matters concerning video regulation, the Internet and other advanced services, spectrum and wireless issues, and telephone competition.  Recent matters include program access and program carriage disputes, media ownership proceedings, proceedings on the status of on-line video providers, net neutrality, spectrum and interference proceedings, universal service and intercarrier compensation.

MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS

Jenner & Block regularly represents media and telecommunications clients in mergers and acquisitions and other transactions involving license transfers.  Our work includes both securing regulatory approval from the FCC and other regulatory agencies and, with our Corporate practice, negotiating and executing agreements.  Representative transactions include Comcast-NBCU, AT&T-T-Mobile, Verizon-Frontier, Verizon Wireless-ALLTEL and CenturyTel-Embarq.  We have also successfully represented clients in numerous radio and television station transactions.

Mr. Webre’s new job at the FCC is to ostensibly represent the interests of consumers. The Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the commission’s consumer policies, including disability access. Its consumer center is directly responsible for addressing consumer inquiries and complaints about some of the same cable and phone companies Mr. Webre used to represent.

Pai issued a statement suggesting Webre would be his perfect choice to replace current chief Alison Kutler, who was originally appointed by former FCC chairman Tom Wheeler.

“Consumers sit at the core of the FCC’s work, and the FCC’s Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau serves as our primary liaison to them,” said Pai in a statement. “Whether reviewing consumer complaints or developing policies to stop robocalls, CGB works hard to serve the public interest. Patrick’s skill and experience will enable us to continue this important mission.”

Patrick Drahi

“If he can succeed with a corporate-friendly Trump Administration and his lackey Republican legislators and regulators, Patrick Drahi’s Altice could seek to own or control up to 30% of the American telecoms market,” said A.W. Dewalle, a researcher studying Altice’s unprecedented acquisition-frenzy across the world’s telecommunications marketplace. “His IPO in the land of Uncle Sam is just the first shot and it will make a lot of executives very rich and consolidate America’s cable industry.”

Wall Street banks are clamoring for a piece of Altice’s initial public offering, announced this week. The big winners, who will split substantial fees paid to advise Altice USA, are Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley and Citi. The IPO will allow the Drahi-controlled Altice USA to raise money for further acquisitions in the United States and to potentially restructure its existing debt, run up acquiring Cablevision and Suddenlink.

Reuters reported that Drahi’s biggest U.S. shareholders — BC Partners and the Canadian Pension Plan Investment Board will use the IPO as an opportunity to sell some of their combined 30% stake in Altice USA, giving Drahi further assurance he will stay firmly in control of the American operation as he takes on new investors.

Les Echos reports Drahi’s pattern is a familiar one for a man in a hurry to take a much bigger stake in the American telecom market, where profits are high and competition is relatively low. By raising additional funds, Altice USA can show financial strength as it appeals to bankers to loan it the billions in will need to acquire existing cable (and potentially phone) companies. If Altice uses some of the money to repay its existing $20 billion U.S. debt, that could also win the company favorable interest rates on its future loan portfolio.

Drahi is an acquisition specialist, having bought more than 30 companies to add to his Altice portfolio since its start in 2002. Low interest rates, favorable banking terms and corporate deregulation have fueled the shopping spree. With the election of Donald Trump in the U.S., Altice is convinced the sky is the limit when it comes to mergers and acquisitions.

“Everything about his government and the people he has put in place at regulatory agencies says deregulation, ‘laissez-faire,’ and consumers beware,” said Dewalle, a point echoed in part by the Financial Times.

The election of Donald Trump has lifted expectations among chief executives that it will be easier to consolidate companies in the telecoms, media and technology (TMT) sector, as the Republican president has a more laissez-faire approach towards competition. Many media and telecom players are under pressure to boost margins and find new growth avenues, while facing declining sales, according to a senior banker in the industry. “M&A might be the only option for many companies in this sector and Altice will certainly try to play a big role in this,” said [one] banker.

Altice is already laying the public relations groundwork to convince skeptical legislators and regulators that an Altice buyout is not bad news for customers. Altice is spending millions to scrap Cablevision’s existing hybrid coax-fiber network for a 100% fiber to the home replacement. Other upgrades are also ongoing across Suddenlink’s footprint.

Because the American telecom marketplace is not nearly as competitive as the one Altice faces in Europe, Americans are accustomed to paying for broadband and television services at prices that would be scandalous in France. The excess profits earned in America can help Altice finance fiber upgrades in its more competitive European markets. Altice confirmed this week it planned to invest more in 4G wireless upgrades for its SFR division in France and will cover 22 million French homes with fiber to the home service by 2022 and 5.3 million homes in Portugal by 2020.

How big will Mr. Drahi seek to get in the United States? He testified before the Economic Affairs Committee of the French Senate last June, telling legislators he owns or controls about one-third of the French telecom market. In the United States, he controls just 2%, leaving plenty of room to grow.

French business experts predict Drahi will initially seek to sweep up the remaining independent cable operators in the States into the Altice empire before turning attention to a big player like Comcast or Charter Communications, the largest and second-largest American cable operator respectively. Publicly traded companies like Cable ONE would be the first prime targets for an Altice buyout. But Drahi could also repeat his Cablevision acquisition by offering a premium price for privately held operators like Cox Communications, which has a presence in larger cities, and Mediacom — which provides service in 23 states and has a big presence in the midwest.

Most of the rest of America’s independent cable operators are small, regional operations serving smaller communities. Drahi has his choice of these kinds of operators that include Adams Cable, Armstrong, Atlantic Broadband (owned by Canada’s Cogeco), Blue Ridge Communications, Buckeye Broadband, Hargray, Midco, Northland, Service Electric, TruVista, Wave Broadband (exploring a sale), and WOW, among others.

Thus far, Drahi has not shown much interest in acquiring telephone companies, so analysts expect him to confine his acquisitions to the cable business. Even if Drahi acquires a substantial cable portfolio in the United States, he will argue he still faces competition from telephone companies in those same service areas. What Drahi won’t do is compete from the ground up by building a competitive cable system to face off against a firmly entrenched American duopoly.

“That would be bad for business,” said Dewalle.